• NASA Mars Orbiters Reveal Seasonal Dust Storm Pattern

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    NASA Mars Orbiters Reveal Seasonal Dust Storm Pattern
    Jet Propulsion Laboratory
    June 9, 2016

    Fast Facts:

    * A pattern of three large regional dust storms occurs with similar timing most Martian years.

    * The seasonal pattern was detected from dust storms' effects on atmospheric temperatures, monitored by NASA orbiters since 1997.

    * Improving the ability to predict large-scale, potentially hazardous
    dust storms on Mars would have safety benefits for planning robotic and
    human missions.

    After decades of research to discern seasonal patterns in Martian dust
    storms from images showing the dust, but the clearest pattern appears
    to be captured by measuring the temperature of the Red Planet's atmosphere.

    For six recent Martian years, temperature records from NASA Mars orbiters reveal a pattern of three types of large regional dust storms occurring
    in sequence at about the same times each year during the southern hemisphere spring and summer. Each Martian year lasts about two Earth years.

    "When we look at the temperature structure instead of the visible dust,
    we finally see some regularity in the large dust storms," said David Kass
    of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California. He is the instrument

    scientist for the Mars Climate Sounder on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and lead author of a report about these findings posted this week by the journal Geophysical Research Letters.

    "Recognizing a pattern in the occurrence of regional dust storms is a
    step toward understanding the fundamental atmospheric properties controlling them," he said. "We still have much to learn, but this gives us a valuable opening."

    Dust lofted by Martian winds links directly to atmospheric temperature:
    The dust absorbs sunlight, so the sun heats dusty air more than clear
    air. In some cases, this can be dramatic, with a difference of more than
    63 Fahrenheit degrees (35 Celsius degrees) between dusty air and clear
    air. This heating also affects the global wind distribution, which can
    produce downward motion that warms the air outside the dust-heated regions. Thus, temperature observations capture both direct and indirect effects
    of the dust storms on the atmosphere.

    Improving the ability to predict large-scale, potentially hazardous dust storms on Mars would have safety benefits for planning robotic and human missions to the planet's surface. Also, by recognizing patterns and categories of dust storms, researchers make progress toward understanding how seasonal local events affect global weather in a typical Mars year.

    NASA has been operating orbiters at Mars continuously since 1997. The
    Mars Climate Sounder on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, which reached Mars
    in 2006, and the Thermal Emission Spectrometer on Mars Global Surveyor,
    which studied Mars from 1997 to 2006, have used infrared observations
    to assess atmospheric temperature. Kass and co-authors analyzed temperature data representative of a broad layer centered about 16 miles (25 kilometers) above the Martian surface. That's high enough to be more affected by regional storms than by local storms.

    Most Martian dust storms are localized, smaller than about 1,200 miles
    (about 2,000 kilometers) across and dissipating within a few days. Some
    become regional, affecting up to a third of the planet and persisting
    up to three weeks. A few encircle Mars, covering the southern hemisphere
    but not the whole planet. Twice since 1997, global dust storms have fully enshrouded Mars. The behavior of large regional dust storms in Martian
    years that include global dust storms is currently unclear, and years
    with a global storm were not included in the new analysis.

    Three large regional storms, dubbed types A, B and C, all appeared in
    each of the six Martian years investigated.

    Multiple small storms form sequentially near Mars' north pole in the northern autumn, similar to Earth's cold-season arctic storms that swing one after another across North America.

    "On Mars, some of these break off and head farther south along favored tracks," Kass said. "If they cross into the southern hemisphere, where
    it is mid-spring, they get warmer and can explode into the much larger
    Type A dust storms."

    Southern hemisphere spring and summer on modern-day Mars are much warmer
    than northern spring and summer, because the eccentricity of Mars' orbit
    puts the planet closest to the sun near the end of southern spring. Southern spring and summer have long been recognized as the dustiest part of the Martian year and the season of global dust storms, even though the more detailed pattern documented in the new report had not been previously described.

    When a Type A storm from the north moves into southern-hemisphere spring,
    the sunlight on the dust warms the atmosphere. That energy boosts the
    speed of winds. The stronger winds lift more dust, further expanding the
    area and vertical reach of the storm.

    In contrast, the Type B storm starts close to the south pole shortly before the beginning of southern summer. Its origin may be from winds generated
    at the edge of the retreating south-polar carbon dioxide ice cap. Multiple storms may contribute to a regional haze.

    The Type C storm starts after the B storm ends. It originates in the north during northern winter (southern summer) and moves to the southern hemisphere like the Type A storm. From one year to another, the C storm varies more
    in strength, in terms of peak temperature and duration, than the A and
    B storms do.

    The longevity of NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has helped enable
    studies such as this of seasonal patterns on Mars. JPL provided the Mars Climate Sounder instrument and manages the mission for NASA's Science
    Mission Directorate. Arizona State University, Tempe, provided the Thermal Emission Spectrometer for Mars Global Surveyor. Lockheed Martin Space
    Systems, Denver, built both orbiters.

    News Media Contact
    Guy Webster
    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
    818-354-6278
    guy.w.webster@jpl.nasa.gov

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